Keywords
deregulation
COVID-19
ideology
State
How to Cite
Abstract
The impact of the pandemic on the world economy has been profound and is expected to be far-reaching. Among the most adverse is the deepening of income inequality among the population. This paper aims to go beyond the statistical description of the increase in inequality and tries to explain the origin of inequalities as a process caused by the prevailing ideology about the economic functioning and the process of deregulation that began in the 1970s. In addition, there is a dual character of government support implemented during the pandemic to avoid the collapse of the economy. On the one hand, the discourse on austerity and self-regulation of the markets is set aside, attacking economic orthodoxy and on the other hand, the evidence shows that the supports mainly sought the breakdown of the economy and the financial sector instead of prioritizing the population resulting in an unprecedented increase in inequality.
References
Banco Mundial. 2022. «Map of SME-Support Measures in Response to COVID-19». https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2020/04/14/map-of-sme-support-measures-in-response-to-covid-19
Beaunoyer, Elisabeth, Sophie Dupéré y Matthieu Guitton. 2020. «COVID-19 and digital inequalities: Reciprocal impacts and mitigation strategies». Journal Computers in human behavior, n.o 111: 106424. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213963/
Berend, Ivan. 2006. An Economic History of 20th Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization. Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Brzezinski, Michal. 2021. «The impact of past pandemics on economic and gender inequalities». Journal Economics & Human Biology, n.o 43: 101039.
CEPAL 2020. «América Latina y el Caribe ante la pandemia del COVID-19. Efectos económicos y sociales». Informe especial COVID-19, n.o 1. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45337/6/S2000264_es.pdf
CEPAL 2020. «El desafío social en tiempos del COVID-19». Informe especial COVID-19, n.o 3. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45527/5/S2000325_es.pdf
CEPAL 2020. «La educación en tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19». Informe COVID-19. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45904/1/S2000510_es.pdf
CEPAL 2021. «El desafío social en tiempos del COVID-19». Informe especial COVID-19, n.o 3. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45527/5/S2000325_es.pdf
CEPAL 2022. «Observatorio COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe». https://www.cepal.org/es/temas/covid-19.
Darvas, Zsolt. 2021. The unequal inequality impact of the COVID-19. Bélgica: Bruegel Working Paper.
FMI 2020. «World Economic Outlook Junio 2020». Disponible en www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOUpdateJune2020
Jeannot, Fernando. 2020. «La competitividad imperfecta en el umbral del coronavirus». Contribuciones a la Economía, abril. https://www.eumed.net/rev/ce/2020/2/competitividad-imperfecta-coronavirus.html
Lin, Ken-Hou y Donald Tomaskovic-Devey. 2013. «Financialization and US income inequality, 1970–2008». American Journal of Sociology 118, n.o 5: 1284-329. https://doi.org/10.1086/669499
Markovits, Daniel. 2019. The meritocracy trap. Penguin.
Maurizio, Roxana. 2021. «Transitando la crisis laboral por la pandemia: hacia una recuperación del empleo centrada en las personas». Serie Panorama Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe 2021. OIT. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_779114.pdf
Nassif-Pires, Luiza, Laura de Lima Xavier, Thomas Masterson, Michalis Nikiforos y Fernando Rios-Avila. 2020. Pandemic of inequality. Public Policy Brief n.o 149. Nueva York: Levy Economics Institute. https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/ppb_149.pdf
OIT 2021. «Observatorio de la OIT: La COVID‑19 y el mundo del trabajo. Séptima edición. Estimaciones actualizadas y análisis». https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767045.pdf
OXFAM 2022. «Las desigualdades matan. Se requieren medidas sin precedentes para acabar con el inaceptable aumento de las desigualdades por la COVID-19». Disponible en https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621341/bp-inequality-kills-170122-es.pdf
Piketty, Thomas. 2019. Capital et idéologie. Paris: Le Seuil.
Pikety, Thomas. 2013. Le Capital au 21ème Siècle. Paris: Le Seuil.
Reimers, Fernando 2022. Primary and secondary education during Covid-19: Disruptions to educational opportunity during a pandemic. Suiza: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4
Robinson, Laura, Jeremy Schulz, Aneka Khilnani, Hiroshi Ono, Shelia R. Cotten, Noah McClain, Lloyd Levine, Wenhong Chen, Gejun Huang, Antonio A. Casilli, Paola Tubaro, Matías Dodel, Anabel Quan-Haase, Maria Laura Ruiu, Massimo Ragnedda, Deb Aikat y Natalia Tolentino. 2020. «Digital inequalities in time of pandemic: COVID-19 exposure risk profiles and new forms of vulnerability». First Monday 25, n.o 7. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i7.10845
Saez, Emmanuel y Gabriel Zucman. 2019. «Progressive wealth taxation». Journal Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall: 437-533. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Saez-Zuchman-final-draft.pdf
Sheridan Rains, Luke, Sonia Johnson, Phoebe Barnett, Thomas Steare, Justin J. Needle, Sarah Carr, Billie Lever Taylor, Francesca Bentivegna, Julian Edbrooke-Childs, Hannah Rachel Scott, Jessica Rees, Prisha Shah, Jo Lomani, Beverley Chipp, Nick Barber, Zainab Dedat, Sian Oram, Nicola Morant, Alan Simpson y COVID-19 Mental Health Policy Research Unit Group. 2021. «Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and on people with mental health conditions: framework synthesis of international experiences and responses». Journal Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 56, n.o 1: 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01924-7
Stantcheva, Stefanie. 2022. «Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic». Working Paper N.o 29657. Economic Policy 37, n.o 109: 5-41. https://www.doi.org/10.3386/w29657
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2015. The great divide. Penguin.
Tanzi, Vito. 2018. Termites of the State: Why complexity leads to inequality. Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Tooze, Adam. 2018. Crashed: How a decade of financial crises changed the world. Penguin.
Tooze, Adam. 2021. Shutdown: How Covid Shook the World's Economy. Penguin.
UNCTAD 2020. «Handbook of Statistics». https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat45_en.pdf
Usher, Kim, Debra Jackson, Joanne Durkin, Naomi Gyamfi y Navjot Bhullar. 2020. «Pandemic‐related behaviours and psychological outcomes; A rapid literature review to explain COVID‐19 behaviours». International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 29, n.o 6: 1018-34. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/inm.12790
WHO 2022. «Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard». https://covid19.who.int/
Zhou, Ting, Xiangyu Zhai, Na Wu, Sakura Koriyama, Dong Wang, Yuhui Jin, Weifeng Li, Susumu S. Sawada y Xiang Fan. 2022. «Changes in Physical Fitness during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study». Healthcare 10, n.o 2: 351. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020351
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gabriel Alberto Rosas Sánchez